Prognostic Effect Of Rectal Cancer - 1017 Words

A report from American cancer society declared that reliable statistics on deaths from colon and rectal cancers separately are not available due to almost 40% of deaths from rectal cancer being misclassified as colon cancer on death certificates.2. Therefore, this systematic review and meta-analysis on prognostic specific miRNA expression in CRC is a crucial step in highlighting patient clinical outcome patterns which will inform clinical decision makers on CRC treatment and administration with regards to deregulated miRNA expression. Data for why stage 2 must be added METHODS This study aims to evaluate the prognostic effect of miRNA expression in stage II CRC patients. The research protocol follows the PRISMA-P (the Preferred Reporting†¦show more content†¦Google Scholar, though not a bibliographic database, will be used to improve the quality of the search results. Research lists of articles passing the initial screening process will also be used as auxiliary sources to improve the search strategy. Published research theses may also be used as viable data sources if novel or critical findings in regards to CRC and miRNA expression are reported. Study selection Primary screening will be based on the relevance of paper to the topic of the study. The screening will be performed individually by two authors blinded to each other’s results of selection, upon cursory examination of abstracts and titles of selected articles. All articles deemed to be suitable by either author will be included for further selection. The final selection will be based on the defined inclusion and exclusion criteria. The discrepancies that arise will be dealt with by deliberation and debate between the two authors. A third reviewer will be involved during this process to act as the final tie-breaker vote in case of the discussion arriving at a standstill. A diagrammatic representation detailing the selection process will be a part of the final systematic review and meta-analysis. Data extraction and management A standardised, Microsoft Excel mastersheet framework will be developed to record data extractedShow MoreRelatedSystematic Review Paper981 Words   |  4 Pagesdetection and treatment of colorectal cancer has seen marked improvements in recent years. However, it is still the third leading cause of cancer related death worldwide. Although there are studies reporting the significance of miRNAs in stage II colorectal cancer, there is, as of yet, no known comprehensive study utilizing collective data from multiple published studies. It is imperative that this knowledge gap of viable miRNA biomarkers in stage II colorectal cancer, be filled. Thus, this study willRead MoreThe Mantle Cell Lymphoma ( Mcl )1697 Words   |  7 Pageslymphoma are cancers that do not originate in white blood cells but rather elsewhere in the lymphatic system such as a lymph node, bone marrow, spleen, or thymus and are categorized into which cells it effects such as B-cell, T-cell and NK-cells (MD Cancer Center , 2015). B-cell lymphoma represents the majority of non-Hodgkin Lymphoma (85%) and of these Mantle Cell Lymphoma (MCL) represents about 5% of the type of B-cell lymphoma (American Cancer Society, 2015). According to the American Cancer SocietyRead MoreCase Study On BMI Levels1009 Words   |  5 Pagesdevelopment of various malignant diseases, including colorectal cancer, breast cancer and PC [7]. Conversely, the relationship between PC and obesity is still a matter of debate [8]. The findings reported in the present study that provide better prognosis were associated with BMI 25 kg/m2. In the multivariate analysis, serum AKP levels, serum albumin levels, visceral metastasis, and BMI 25 kg/m2 were reported as significant prognostic factors with cumulative survival probability in 10, 20 and 30Read MoreErc1 Lab Report1848 Words   |  8 Pageswhether MGMT and ERCC1 DNA methylation is diagnostic of human cancer rectum, we detected the frequency of MGMT and ERCC1 methylation in 50 serious of primary cancer rectum samples and 43 benign rectum tumors by MSP. MGMT and ERCC1 were methylated for 13.9% and 18.6% in the benign tissue and for 4.7% and 7% in the blood, respectively. On the contrary, a methylation-positive pattern of MGMT and ERCC1 was observed for 80% and 74% of cancer rectum tissues and for 58% and 60% of the blood, respectivelyRead MoreProper Prostrate Cancer Treatment Essay2063 Words   |  9 PagesBeing diagnosed with cancer has always been taken as a death sentence by a majority of the population. This can partly be contributed by the fact that most people do not understand clearly what cancer is. The way most reporters and some journalist have reviewed information relating to prostate cancer has been hazardous. Proper cancer treatment, especially prostate cancer in men is possible as reviewed in this article. The article is a citation from the referenced materials and sources in which

Walt Whitman Poetic Devices Free Essays

Poetic Devices Walt Whitman: Parallel Structure – In â€Å"I Hear America Singing† lines 2-8 are the best examples of Parallel Structure. Those of mechanics, each one singing his as it should be blithe and strong, The carpenter singing his as he measures his plank or beam, The mason singing his as he makes ready for work, or leaves off work, The boatman singing what belongs to him in his boat, the deckhand singing on the steamboat deck, The shoemaker singing as he sits on his bench, the hatter singing as he stands, The wood-cutter’s song, the plowboy’s on his way in the morning, or at noon intermission or at sundown, The delicious singing of the mother, or of the young wife at work, or of the girl sewing or washing, Free Verse – Free verse is a poem that is written without any type of rhyme in it and â€Å"A Noiseless Patient Spider† is a perfect example. It doesn’t rhyme, but to make the poem make sense he uses repetition, metaphor, alliteration and personification. We will write a custom essay sample on Walt Whitman Poetic Devices or any similar topic only for you Order Now Apostrophe – An example of apostrophe in â€Å"A Noiseless Patient Spider† was when the narrator addresses his soul. Mood – in the beginning mood of the poem â€Å"When I Heard the Learned Astronomer† was kind of tired and sick. But in the second part of the poem his mood changes it to kind of romantic. Catalog – Catalog is like to make a list, and Whitman makes a list of worker like carpenter, mason, wood maker, etc. in the poem â€Å"I hear America Singing† How to cite Walt Whitman Poetic Devices, Essay examples

Individual Development Plan Essay Example For Students

Individual Development Plan Essay August 7, 2001Individual Development PlanEach individual is just that: individual. We all have our strengths and weakness. Life is about exploring and improving on those. Growth never ends. It is expanding our minds and attitudes to make life happy and peaceful. My development depends what I do to accomplish my life goals. My carrier path will depend on how I can grow and develop in my field and management capabilities. I like to think I have many strengths. After review of my character/ personality test, I can see what they are. I am a task-oriented leader, which drives me to finish a project. I have a strong individual work ethic, which allows me to be responsible and not rely on others. I am good at building and leading a team. I am not power oriented, so I am not manipulative and scheming. My preferred power types include collaborating, compromising, legitimate. This means I know that a person does not necessarily need to be in management to be a vital employee. I prefer to use collaborating, compromising, and accommodating techniques when dealing with conflict. I also have a strong ability to provide good feedback. My individual performance style test revealed that I am conscientious, Open to experience, extravert. My Myers-Briggs Type indicator results said that I am extrovert, intuitive, felling and perceptive. I have a high locus of control which means I feel that I can control the situation I am in with my actions and feelings. I have a moderate self-esteem level. My motivations are strong driven with growth, relatedness and existence needs. I have a high standard if ethics. Though all that may make me to sound like the perfect person, I am far from there. My leadership style lacks concern for people. I can finish a project, but might offend some people on the way. I have a hard time dealing in a team because I rely so much on myself. Management typically uses reward and coercive power, which I do not value highly. I did not get good scores when it comes to using competing and avoidance skills with conflict. I have poor listening skills and often wait to long to give feedback. I have a low emotional stability. I also have a high amount of neediness, which can me extremely unsatisfied. Tommy Woods Independent Improvement PlanAugust 2001 Read Celebration of Discipline Practice a new discipline each monthAugust 2002 Review Tools for Teams Apply one section from book each month January 2003 Read Bridges Not Walls, a Book About Interpersonal Communication Try a technique from the book each monthJanuary 2004 Read The 21 Irrefutable Laws Of Leadership Follow Them And People Will Follow You Apply a law each monthI believe reading is the key to finding success, whether its work or play. I found several resources to improve on my weakness while enhancing my strengths. The four resources are Celebration of Discipline, Tools for Teams: Building Effective Teams in the Workplace, Bridges Not Walls: A book about Interpersonal Communication, and The 21 Irrefutable Laws Of Leadership Follow Them And People Will Follow You. It has been said that it takes twenty-eight days to develop a habit, I have decided to pace my self a month for developing each new technique I have researc hed and determined that these three resources can help find the growth I am looking for. Celebration of Discipline by Richard F. Foster is a book about the path to spiritual growth. This book will help me train myself to be emotionally stronger while reaffirming my ethics and self-esteem. The book should help me find a source of fulfillment for some of my needs as well as increase my concern for others. This is the first resource I choose for my development because I believe my spiritual growth affects all aspects of my life, not just career and workplace. .u48e325fcc255d529665fc437e739d894 , .u48e325fcc255d529665fc437e739d894 .postImageUrl , .u48e325fcc255d529665fc437e739d894 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u48e325fcc255d529665fc437e739d894 , .u48e325fcc255d529665fc437e739d894:hover , .u48e325fcc255d529665fc437e739d894:visited , .u48e325fcc255d529665fc437e739d894:active { border:0!important; } .u48e325fcc255d529665fc437e739d894 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u48e325fcc255d529665fc437e739d894 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u48e325fcc255d529665fc437e739d894:active , .u48e325fcc255d529665fc437e739d894:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u48e325fcc255d529665fc437e739d894 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u48e325fcc255d529665fc437e739d894 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u48e325fcc255d529665fc437e739d894 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u48e325fcc255d529665fc437e739d894 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u48e325fcc255d529665fc437e739d894:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u48e325fcc255d529665fc437e739d894 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u48e325fcc255d529665fc437e739d894 .u48e325fcc255d529665fc437e739d894-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u48e325fcc255d529665fc437e739d894:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Phillip Korkis EssayIn looking for ways to strength my team participation skills, a resource that I have already used came to mind. Tools for Teams: Building Effective Teams in the Workplace was the book for my first class at University of Phoenix. The course I took focused on team building. If I could use what I have already applied in my academic life, then I can improve on my lacking team skills. I remember this book to have great insight to improve the quality and effectiveness of dealing with team. The next resource Bridges Not Walls: A Book about Interpersonal Communication is a book my wife recommended. It was a textbook she used in college communications course. The book outline ways to better communicate with other. The book has an emphasis in the listening aspect, and understanding body language. This book also shows the best ways to handle different kinds of conflicts. Once again, I think resource will help not only with workplace situations but also in all aspects of life situations. The last resource is The 21 Irrefutable Laws Of Leadership Follow Them And People Will Follow You by John C. Maxwell. This book should help me with my overall management skills. This book can help me learn how to better deal with using reward and coercive power.I believe this resource rounds my development plan. These four resource applied slowing, yet completely will help me improve on my strengths and weaknesses. These should enhance not only my work style, but also my lifestyle. Improvement is most importantly a day-by-day, minute-by-minute to become more than we were, and more than we are. The results can be seen in our actions and attitude. ReferenceFoster, Richard J. Celebration of Discipline HarperCollins Publishers Inc. 1998. Maxwell, John C. Developing the Leader Within You 2001. Stewart, John. Bridges Not Walls: A Book about Interpersonal Communication Mcgraw-Hill Inc. 1995. Thompson, Leigh, Eileen Aranda, Stephen P. Robbins, and others. Tools for Teams Boston, MA Pearson Custom Publishing, 2000. Words/ Pages : 1,017 / 24

The Fame Monster by Lady GaGa free essay sample

Lady GaGa very quietly released her debut album â€Å"The Fame† as 2008 came to a close. Promotion was minimal and hardly anyone noticed or cared. Then somebody got a hold of â€Å"Just Dance.† Almost overnight, GaGa became an electro/dance-pop sensation and her slick, electronic beats, gourmet lyrics and stellar vocals made â€Å"The Fame† the album of the year for the American public. But people wondered, would GaGa’s superficial obsession with fame be strong enough, deep enough to carry her to the status of a true artist in the eyes of the public and the critics? Or would she forever be confined to the rank of dance-pop darling? The answer, of course, was no. Good thing the Lady has more than just a seemingly endless supply of addictive hooks up her sleeve. At the end of 2009, the enigmatic blonde re-released â€Å"The Fame† along with eight brand-new tracks, aptly titling it â€Å"The Fame Monster. We will write a custom essay sample on The Fame Monster by Lady GaGa or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page † Her beats are still pulsing and addictive, her lyrics still poetically metaphorical and her vocals still flawless, but this time, there are no shiny dance tracks glorifying fame, money or fashion. Instead, each one represents a personal â€Å"monster† of GaGa’s, be it her fear of men, addiction, death, love, sex†¦you name it. This time around, she gives her fans a glimpse of Stephani, not just her alter ego. So what’s she like without her â€Å"Poker Face?† Surprisingly†¦deep. The album opens with what is quite possibly GaGa’s strongest track ever, if not her absolute best. â€Å"Bad Romance’s† chorus positively throbs with power, and GaGa sings, snarls chants of her longing for the love of an imperfect man with astonishing strength, delivering a vocal performance so impressive that it feels almost out-of-place on such an overtly pop track. But its certainly a welcome abnormality. At first listen, â€Å"Bad Romance† sounds like yet another ode to the fact that yes, girls do like bad boys, whether or not they should. Then it becomes clear that GaGa is singing about true love. Not sugary summer flings or the cheap variety found in a dance club, but the love that says â€Å"I love you so much thatI want all of you, not just the good stuff or the â€Å"safe† parts, but your flaws and your weaknesses, your scars and your secrets, everything that makes you human. Everything that makes you†¦you.† Clearly, GaGa understands what love really is. And she’s right to be afraid of it. The album’s next track seems to pale in comparison to its thundering predecessor, but in reality, it’s a nice piece of Latin-influenced electro-pop that can stand quite well on its own, thank you very much. While certainly lighter than â€Å"Bad Romance,† â€Å"Alejandro† does have power, just not quite as much. In it, GaGa bids her former Latin lovers (Alejandro, Roberto, Fernando etc.) a cheeky goodbye via one helluva catchy chorus. This is a song that will stay on â€Å"repeat† on countless iPods, however, the overall depth and quality of the entire song is somewhat overshadowed by said chorus, coming up short by just a hair. â€Å"Monster† has it all. A compelling storyline, all the depth â€Å"Alejandro† lacked and more, an infectious hook, and lyrics that sound â€Å"good enough to eat.† This impressive track tells of an encounter between GaGa and an unnamed â€Å"monster† boy she meets in a club who eventually ends up in her bed. Though GaGa does not hold up â€Å"Monster† as a cautionary tale telling female listeners to beware smooth-talking young men and the emotional consequences of one-night-stands, it could certainly be interpreted that way. After all, this monster boy pursues her, flatters her, gropes her, dances with her, insists on taking her home, French kisses her, beds her†¦and eats her heart. But though the intended meaning is ambiguous, two things are for sure; this is GaGa at her best and â€Å"That boy is a monster/m-m-m-monster† isn’t going to get out of your head anytime soon. GaGa follows â€Å"Monster† with a smashing power ballad that blows everything else completely out of the water. Though it does feel a tad out of place, the Freddie Mercury-esque â€Å"Speechless† contains GaGa’s absolute best lyrics and her most stunning vocal performance to date. It’s impossible to accurately describe the raw beauty of this song, so I won’t even try. I will say this, though, before you listen, look up why and for whom she wrote it. It will only serve to enhance the experience. â€Å"Dance In The Dark† serves as an ode to women oppressed, berated and abused by the men in their life. Backed by skipping, pounding synthesizers, GaGa snarls, moans, gasps into the mic and stretches her voice to tell their story, even including a shout-out to famous women who met tragic ends (Marilyn Monroe, Judy Garland, Princess Diana, etc.) It is both dark and maddeningly addictive†¦hence the title. Not the best on the album by any means, but nevertheless, a solid, albeit chilling, track. GaGa’s songs got their start in dance clubs, so it is necessary for her to include at least one track recorded especially for them. Although the fact that it features Beyonce may raise a few eyebrows, especially after the disaster that was â€Å"Video Phone,† surprisingly, this compilation works. â€Å"Telephone† is pure club fun and its sole subject is the girls’ plea for their boys to stop calling because they are busy dancing and can’t talk. It has zero depth, zero substance and its only merit is a hook so addictive you won’t be able to turn it off. â€Å"So Happy I Could Die† is the track that makes you scratch your head and go â€Å"Huh?† It tells of GaGa’s physical insecurities and her fear of addiction, both to herself (that is, her Lady GaGa persona) and to substances, but initially, it seems very much to be singing the praises of red wine†¦but it isn’t. Listen carefully and with an open mind and you’ll get it. Maybe. GaGa closes the album with another song that makes you work to understand it. With an almost tribal beat and animalistic chant-vocals, GaGa tells her lover, â€Å"Take a bite of my bad girl meat†¦/I’m gonna love you with my hands tied/Show me your teeth/,† making â€Å"Teeth† sound like nothing more than an ode to sex. But she also says â€Å"I need direction/†¦Tell me something that’ll save me†¦/Tell me something that’ll change me†¦/Just need a little guidance† Is it possible that this is GaGa’s way of saying that maybe she’s not such a â€Å"tough bitch† after all? That she really might need a savior?† I’ll say it’s a definite possibility. It isn’t often that something comes out of Kanye West’s mouth that is worth repeating for good reasons, but recently, he seemed to have a brief moment of brilliance (or perhaps sobriety) when he declared that Lady GaGa was the new Queen of Pop. Maybe that statement is premature, but if â€Å"The Fame Monster† is any indication, I’d say she’s well on her way to claiming the throne, assuming, of course, she hasn’t already. The Fame Monster by Lady Gaga free essay sample Stephanie Joanne Angelina Germanotta has officially outdone herself; The Album The Fame Monster is unique and individual. It expresses her true self in which i believe all music should do. Solely written by herself this album rejoices in her own individuality and is an inspiration. This all sounds very Cliche but listening to the raw lyrics you can feel her feelings and understand her thoughts. The mixture of emotional songs Speechless and So Happy I Could Die and the collection of Heavy Beat songs Bad Romance and Alejandro create a insanely beautiful mix. I personally love the way she speaks of topics other song writers wont speak of and in ways that make it acceptable. For example one of my personal favourites So Happy I Could Die is about her confusion in her own sexuality (when i say this i mean whether she is straight, homosexual or bisexual not whether she is a hermaphrodite) and the way she reassures herself in her feelings. We will write a custom essay sample on The Fame Monster by Lady Gaga or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This is what i mean when i say that she is an inspiration, she isnt afraid of being proud of what she is; how could she not be an great example for how to be your own woman and how to be individual? I could write forever about her, for instance did you know she called her self Lady Gaga after the hit song by Queen, Radio Ga Ga? Anyway my obvious conclusion is that she is a Smash Hit and an inspirational woman. I believe she was born to inspire and to express her own views and feelings and if she stopped and quit tomorrow she would still go down an international icon and legend.

MITOSIS essays

MITOSIS essays Mitosis is the nuclear division in which the duplicated chromosomes separate to form two genetically identical daughter nuclei. It is also a phase in cell cycle in which the microtubular apparatus assembles, binds to the chromosomes, and moves the sister chromatids apart. Mitosis is the essential step in the separation of the two daughter genomes. Mitosis is subdivided into four stages, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase. Prophase is the first stage of mitosis characterized by the formation of a microtubule spindle along the future axis of division, the shortening and thickening of the chromosomes and their movement toward the equator of the spindle. The nucleolus also starts to disappear and the chromosomes condense. Metaphase is the second stage of mitosis. In this stage microtubules become organized into a spindle and the chromosomes come to lie in the spindles equatorial plane. When viewing this with a light microscope the chromosomes appear to arrange themselves in a circle along the inner circumference of the cell. Anaphase is the next stage of mitosis. In this stage the sister chromatids begin to separate and the daughter chromosomes move to opposite poles of the cell. Kinetochore microtubules shorten, polar microtubules elongate, and the cell begins to prepare for cytokinesis. The final stage of mitosis is telophase. In this stage the spindle apparatus disables, as the microtubules are broken down into tubulin monomers that can be used to construct the cytoskeletons of the daughter cells. The sister chromatids can now be called chromosomes because each has its own centromere. The chromosomes soon begin to uncoil into the more extended form that permits gene expression. Mitosis is now complete at the end of telophase. The eukaryotic cell has separated its replicated genome into two nuclei positioned at opposite ends of the cell. ...

Book Review On A General Speaks

Book Review On A General Speaks The name of the author of the book â€Å"A General Speaks† is General (Retd) S. Padmanabhan and it is published by Manas Publications, New Delhi. It was first published in 2005 and its second impression was published in 2007. The author is a qualified person and the experience he took during his service enables him to write this book. He is popularly known as Paddy. General (Retd) S. Padmanabhan was born on 5th of December 1940 at Trivandrum (Kerala).He joined the elite Rashtriya Indian Military College (RIMC), Dehradun in 1952. He was commissioned in Regiment of Artillary on 13 December 1959. During his long military career of 43 years he had various assignments, some of the important are; Fight against militancy in Punjab, North-Eastern states, Jammu & Kashmir. He commanded 15 Corps (in Jammu & Kashmir), Northern Command and Southern Command. He also held the assignment of Director of Military Intelligence (D.G.M.I). He was Instructor in Indian Military Academy and School o f Artillery. He remained Indian Army Chief from 30 September 2000 to 31 December 2002. During his tenure as Army Chief, Operation Parakram was conducted in which Indian Army remained on the borders of Pakistan for about Ten months. He was the author of the famous book â€Å"The writing on the wall: India checkmates America 2017†. About Book: â€Å"A General Speaks† contains the views of General S Padmanabhan about Indian army and its role with reference to security issues. In this book he had covered a broad perspective initiating from grass root level to the top level forces role with a blend of political leadership role. If we go by chronology of the book initially, writer gives the vision of new millennium army then he discusses future of warfare along with the insight into future wars. Then, techniques of intelligence in 21st century have been discussed in detail followed by the phenomenon of terrorism prevailing in current scenario. A deliberate effort has been ma de to elucidate political control of services. Foreign policy and national security were also analyzed critically to render fruitful recommendations. Psychological profiles of Pakistan Military, Indian Army at grass root level have been discussed to draw comparison as well as to point out shortcomings. Finally, writer discusses prospects of peace in South Asia. Author’s Thesis: The author’s thesis is about Indian army and its role with reference to security issues specially. The author of this book has divided his book into twelve chapters. He started his book with the role of Indian Army in new millennium and started first of all from the historical evolution of Army in India. Moreover, he also throws some light on economic conditions of India. Then he moved towards the details of capability of Indian Army and shed light on the dynamics of Indian Defense like deterrent capability, war fighting capacity, conflict management, force projection capability and peace keepin g. He says that after becoming army chief, he tried to raise the standard of Indian army for meeting 21st century challenges and promotion of games in the country. The army has also faced the tough time of Tehalka revelations about corruption along with the increasing menace of terrorism. He had specified the reasons of fighting a war along with the causes of outbreak of a war. He also suggested measures for its control. Moreover, the disaster relief operation made during Gujrat Earthquake reveals certain limitations of Disaster Management Authorities, though the armed forces have handled it quite well as per the resources. He also elaborates the reasons of wars as for territory, economic gains, punishing enemy and in defense. May be any other reason might be added for fighting a war in future. But the future wars will be more devastating due to the presence of nuclear arsenal. He also suggested the measures for preventing wars in future by powerful role of UNO, strong UN General As sembly to check UN Security council’s veto, UN’s role in regulating weapons, UN Enforcement Wing, strong non-proliferation measures, check on terrorist groups, WTO and Globalization phenomena should be made friendly for third world countries and UN to be a potential Disaster Management Authority. He comments that future wars will be of short duration and more hazardous. Besides that, he also discussed the features of successful war as well as reasons for abortive war. He threw light on the Intelligence agencies and mentioned its two goals viz. acquisition of knowledge and counter intelligence. He also discussed the intelligence agencies structure of India and Pakistan. He discussed terrorism and mentioned the terrorist ways to make a squad of fanatics and mentioned the causes for terrorism that are source of spreading terrorism and mentioned the current position of India regarding that. He had also discussed the structure of army’s control under political govern ment since its inception and mentioned the possibility of army intervention with all its pros and cons along with the strength and weakness of army in this regard. He also made a brief view of an Indian soldiers’ life along with difficulties faced by him. He also shared his views on the foreign policy and national security issues facing India. Furthermore, he discussed Pakistan army officers, soldiers and Indian army soldiers and made a comparison between soldiers of both the countries. He gives special attention to media and discussed the dealings between military and media in India along with setting guidelines for both. Finally, he turned his attention towards the peace conditions in South Asia and discussed it historically, politically and policy wise with special reference to Indo-Pak relations and Indian position. So this was the thesis of the author.

How the Black Plague Changed Europe Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

How the Black Plague Changed Europe - Essay Example The aristocracy wealth was based on ownership of land. The death of millions of people due to the Black Plague, therefore, meant that there was an acute shortage of labour. The peasants were particularly affected by the Black Plague because of the poor conditions in which they were living; the poor conditions coupled with close quarters in which the peasants were living provided a conducive environment for the spread of the Black Plague (The Flow of History,n.p. Web.). The shortage of labour led to drastic reduction in agricultural produce. The reduction of agricultural produce was a real disaster in the economy of medieval Europe. Apart from reduced agricultural produce, the few available peasants/labourers started demanding higher wages because the demand of their services was very high (Herlihy, 8-9). This led to increase in the cost of production of agricultural products. This in turn led to inflation because the aristocrats had to sell their produce at higher prices because of the high cost of production. Another factor that led to the inflation of the economy was the prohibitive trade measures that were instituted by some monarchs, these measures made procurement of goods through trade quite difficult (Zapotoczny, 2-3). This meant that there was insufficient supply of goods in the market leading to inflation. The crumbling of the Agricultural sector in the 14th century Europe due to the Black Plague depleted the tax base of the European states. The medieval European states were therefore forced, as it were, by the economic constraints occasioned by the Black Plague to increase taxes. The increase in taxes exacerbated the already high inflation in medieval Europe. The Black plague therefore caused economic recession in the medieval Europe. The economic recession ultimately led to complete change of economic system in Europe from Feudalism to capitalism as we shall see later in this paper. The second

The Al Qaida Transnational Terrorist Network Essay

The Al Qaida Transnational Terrorist Network - Essay Example But the larger issue revolved around the nature of terrorism itself and its emerging modus operandi. Whether the 11 September attacks in the United States were the delayed manifestation of Oplan Bojinka, as some believe, or whether they were an isolated plan, it is clear that terrorism--and particularly that form of terrorism practiced by al Qaeda --has fundamentally changed. Since the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, the United States has achieved significant successes in its war on terrorism. Removing the Taliban government in Afghanistan, thereby eliminating al Qaeda's sanctuary and training camps, has broken an important link in the process that once provided al Qaeda's leadership with a continuing flow of recruits. Toppling the Taliban also demonstrated American resolve and international support, and it underscored the considerable risk run by governments that provide assistance to terrorists. From the summary in above, I would like to gradually come down to particular research of Al Qaeda terrorist organization. I will first discuss the historical and statistical facts about organization, than make the insights into organizational motivations and strategy finally will come out with conclusions as for the possible ways of dealing with future possible attacks. History Al Qaeda was a product of the struggle to reject the Soviet Union from Afghanistan. Portrayed as a holy war, that campaign brought together volunteers and financial contributors from throughout the Islamic world. Muslims from Algeria, Egypt, Saudi Arabia, Southeast Asia, and beyond fought side by side, forging relationships and creating a cadre of veterans who shared a powerful life experience, a more global view, and a heady sense of confidence underscored by the Soviet Union's ultimate withdrawal and subsequent collapse, for which they assumed credit. Instead of being welcomed home as heroes, however, the returning veterans of the Afghan campaign were watched by suspicious regimes who worried that the religious fervour of the fighters posed a political threat. Isolated at home, they became ready recruits for new campaigns. There were ample reasons and opportunities to continue the fight: the Gulf War and the consequent arrival of American troops in Saudi Arabia; the continued repression of Islamic challenges to local regimes; armed struggles in Algeria, Egypt, the newly independent Muslim republics of the former Soviet Union, Kashmir, the Philippines, and Bosnia; the forces of globalization that seemed threatening to all local cultures; and the continuing civil war in Afghanistan. Organizational survival, the natural desire to continue in meaningful activity, and the rewards of status and an inflated self-image contributed powerful incentives to continue the fight. The subsequent victories of a like-minded Taliban guaranteed safe haven for the militants and their training camps, which graduated thousands of additional volunteers (Cullison, Higgins, 2001). What Osama bin Laden and his associates contributed to this potent but unfocused force was a sense of vision, mission, and strategy that combined 20th century theory of a unified Islamic polity with restoration of the Islamic Caliphate that, at its height, stretched

Charlie and the Choclate Factory Essay Example for Free

Charlie and the Choclate Factory Essay Despite the fact these were produced 34 years apart, there are many striking similarities. Of course, there are also many differences, which a viewer would expect in films that were done so far apart. Although these films were done three decades apart, the formula of the fantasy genre has not changed much over the course of the decades. The most obvious similarity in the genre is the general audience who will view these movies. The general theory of the fantasy genre is to create an imaginary world, which viewers can get immersed in to give them a break from reality. In this regard, both films succeeded wonderfully. On the flip side, the major difference in the genre is the scope of the imaginary world that can be created. In Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory, the filmmakers were limited by having to create their imaginary world in a real world space. In 1971, filmmakers didn’t have the ability to create an unlimited virtual world like modern day fantasy filmmakers have, so the grandeur of the world that can be created now is very different. While the formula of the fantasy genre hasn’t changed a great deal, the social context of the time periods these films were made in has. For example, Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory puts a greater emphasis on the disparity between social classes, which was a major aspect of the 1970’s. The movie also focuses on proper behavior, being appreciative of what you have, acceptable societal behavior, and morals. In comparison, Charlie and the Chocolate Factory was created during a time period when society places more emphasis on entertainment value in movies, instead of using them as a tool to express and teach acceptable societal behaviors. The remake also doesn’t focus as heavily on the difference between social classes, as the social classes have been blurred in today’s society, and aren’t as well defined as they were in the 1970’s. Oftentimes, remakes deviate from what was done in the original movie. This is done for many reasons, but may actually hurt the remake. That is not the case with the editing style of these films, as the editing style of Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory had a significant impact on the editing style of Charlie and the Chocolate Factory. The editing style and importance of Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory, directed by Mel Stuart, made it become one of the mo Read Full Essay Join Now! Get instant access to over 50,000 Papers and Essays Join OtherPapers. com Similar Essays Charlie And The Chocolate Factory Rogers Chocolates Case Study (Internal/External Analysis) The House Of Spirits And Like Water For Chocolate, Respectively. Loss Of Innocence And The Corruption Of Man Are A Couple Of The Most Significant Themes Found In Both Books. These Themes Are Shown In The Characters Of The Book After What Really Makes Factories Flexible? Ethels Chocolate Lounge Chocolate Truffles I Like Chocolate Milk Rogers Chocolate Chocolate Case Testing To Find How Much Protein Is In 1% Chocolate Milk Versus 2% White Milk SWOT Analysis For Custom Coffee ; Chocolate Chocolate Case Factory Farming And Diabetes Like Water For Chocolate Analysis Donate paper | Join now! | Login | Support  © 2010 — 2011 OtherPapers. com OtherPapers. com High-quality Essays, Term Papers and Research Papers Access over 50. 000 Essays and Papers Get Better Grades! Sign up for your FREE account. There are ABSOLUTELY no membership fees at OtherPapers. om. For our free membership, please upload one paper to the site. Your account will be activated immediately! Prepare Your Document Title: Category: Select One American HistoryBiographiesBusinessEnglishHistory OtherLiteratureMiscellaneousMusic and MoviesPhilosophyPsychologyReligionScienceSocial IssuesTechnology Copy paste paper: Use this method if youd prefer to copy and paste your paper into a for m. Join now! Login Support Other Term Papers and Free Essays Browse Papers Music and Movies / Charlie And The Chocolate Factory Vs. Willy Wonka And The Chocolate Factory Charlie And The Chocolate Factory Vs. Willy Wonka And The Chocolate Factory Research Paper Charlie And The Chocolate Factory Vs. Willy Wonka And The Chocolate Factory and over other 20 000+ free term papers, essays and research papers examples are available on the website! Autor: people 30 June 2012 Tags: Words: 1820 | Pages: 8 Views: 57 Read Full Essay Join Now! Charlie and the Chocolate Factory (2005) is a remake of Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory (1971). Despite the fact these were produced 34 years apart, there are many striking similarities. Of course, there are also many differences, which a viewer would expect in films that were done so far apart. Although these films were done three decades apart, the formula of the fantasy genre has not changed much over the course of the decades. The most obvious similarity in the genre is the general audience who will view these movies. The general theory of the fantasy genre is to create an imaginary world, which viewers can get immersed in to give them a break from reality. In this regard, both films succeeded wonderfully. On the flip side, the major difference in the genre is the scope of the imaginary world that can be created. In Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory, the filmmakers were limited by having to create their imaginary world in a real world space. In 1971, filmmakers didn’t have the ability to create an unlimited virtual world like modern day fantasy filmmakers have, so the grandeur of the world that can be created now is very different. While the formula of the fantasy genre hasn’t changed a great deal, the social context of the time periods these films were made in has. For example, Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory puts a greater emphasis on the disparity between social classes, which was a major aspect of the 1970’s. The movie also focuses on proper behavior, being appreciative of what you have, acceptable societal behavior, and morals. In comparison, Charlie and the Chocolate Factory was created during a time period when society places more emphasis on entertainment value in movies, instead of using them as a tool to express and teach acceptable societal behaviors. The remake also doesn’t focus as heavily on the difference between social classes, as the social classes have been blurred in today’s society, and aren’t as well defined as they were in the 1970’s. Oftentimes, remakes deviate from what was done in the original movie. This is done for many reasons, but may actually hurt the remake. That is not the case with the editing style of these films, as the editing style of Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory had a significant impact on the editing style of Charlie and the Chocolate Factory. The editing style and importance of Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory, directed by Mel Stuart, made it become one of the mo Read Full Essay Join Now! Get instant access to over 50,000 Papers and Essays Join OtherPapers. com Similar Essays Charlie And The Chocolate Factory Rogers Chocolates Case Study (Internal/External Analysis)

Essay on Shirows Ghost in the Shell -- Ghost in the Shell Essays

Shirow's Ghost in the Shell The real beauty of Mamoru Oshii's adaptation of Shirow's Ghost in the Shell lies in its attention to detail and the sheer cohesiveness of these details which collectively form complex ideas and plot. In nearly every detail and every plot element lies some tie to the key themes of the anime. Some of the main themes deal with the commodification of the flesh and body; the separation between one's spirit and body; and the idea that a static environment or organism a weak stronghold. Here I will choose to focus on how through details the film explicates these themes, rather than spending time extrapolating or explaining the themes in detail myself. The first key scene to examine is the interlude midway through the movie in which Motoko wanders through the city as music is played, inducing an almost transcendental mood. Nearly every one of those shots either shows the impersonality of the city, or some object which seems to make a statement about the separation between an individual and that individual's body, how the one does not equate to or determine the other. For instance, Motoko sees several women- eating and walking- with the same face as her own, and the viewer immediately begins to wonder what else is similar. The concept that the body does not in any way determine the personality seems ridiculous to us, as our bodies are valued, and never to be bought sold, or worst of all, replaced. In the crowded, impersonal city (This impersonality was another important point, as that very lack knowledge of those around leads to a sort of commodification of strangers, which is similar to that same commodification of the body), among the thousands or millions of people she co... ...when Motoko gears up in the van as she and Togusa chase the garbage truck. They speak of why he was hired, and her explanation is, "Overspecialize and you breed in weakness. It's slow death." Indeed, plot-wise, the only reason that Project 2501 chooses to meld with Motoko is that he does not wish to be weaker by being static. All of these details are simply brief examples of variety and enormity of thought put into this animated film. Its visuals do as much for the themes as does its plot and dialogue, and neither may be completely separated. The endless foreshadowing brings about a certain interwoven quality of plot which makes this an amazingly complex- yet unified- story and concept. In all, Ghost in the Shell did a wonderful job of portraying its themes as each minute of the movie had something new to show, and all were related to the total narrative.

Old Age Homes in India Essay

Ans- Old Age Home refers to a multi-residence nursing home for old people, which is also known as retirement home. Each couple or person lives here in a room which is either apartment style or is a set of matching of rooms. Under one roof or in a one building old people are served with different facilities like gatherings, meals, health or sanatorium care, and recreation activities. Levels of these facilities differ from each other. At present 728 Old homes exist in India. Complete information of 547 Old Age Homes is accessible. Among these 325 Old homes do not charge and 95 homes charge money, 116 Old homes include both without charge as well as stay & pay facilities and the information of 11homes is not available. There are 278 homes available for ailing people and 101 Old homes especially for women all around the country. Kerala has the highest number of Old homes in India among all states which is 124. Read more:  Reasons Increasing Number Old Age Homes Society Q2- What are the disadvantages of Old Age Homes? Ans- Disadvantages of Old Age Homes are People generally staying here are very sad. It is but natural for them to be so as they leave their well-known homes for stranger place that lacks in all memories. It is natural for them to fear nursing homes as it is known to be prior step to death. Seeing that they will not be able to get back to their homes, it can be deemed true. Main problem that one faces here is loneliness. Few residents here get visits from families after long time and these are very few in nature. Independence becomes a thing of past when one enters these homes. Many see it as the end of their lives. With independence all gone, they even bid goodbye to their self-esteem. All they live their lives in is scheduled activity. Missing element here is freedom. What is given to them for meals is final. They do not have any say in it. Other freedoms that they lose are: Cooking for friends and family Only with nurses help one can shower that too on their schedule Here service of laundry is provided only with rest of resident’s laundry After getting permission only can watch TV They do not even have independence to go for worship at place of their  option. They instead have to go to retirement home’s service. They are not even allowed to have personal doctors. All they get is one’s at home. Anger at putting them in these homes directed at their children is a natural thing for these residents. Family is bound to get various heartaches from these. Q3- What are the advantages of Old Age Homes? Ans- Advantages of Old Age Homes are Senior citizens that are destitute or are unable in settling with their respective families can easily stay in homes meant for old age people. These homes provide senior citizens with medical facilities like ambulances, well-balanced meals provision, ambulances as well as systems of health care. Thus, these homes provide them with healthy life. Main benefits of these homes are their staff’s good behavior, palatable and wholesome food as well as good services. Senior citizens are also provided with yoga classes in these homes along with medical amenities, shelter and food. For mode of communication they are given telephones that give them access to their families. Other facilities rendered to them are library and entertainment facilities. These play roles of safe haven for senior citizens who have nobody to take care of them or who have not got a place to stay. Residents here get an ambience of complete family. They are given unique sense of friendship as well as security here. It becomes a place for them to share their sorrows as well as joys. With all their free time, senior citizens in these homes can utilize it in something creative. Here in these homes, no body imposes its residents with sense of duties or responsibilities. Nobody hands them out any work to live out a livelihood. In that peaceful atmosphere, residents can pursue their hobbies in full flow. With no expectations, residents do not spend too much money here. Full freedom to participate in one’s religious activities is given here. Life of senior citizens is slow as well as peaceful here. â€Å"Old age home† gives a healthy as well as peaceful life to its citizens. Companionships, solace as well as comfort are given to senior citizens. Al l age-mates get freedom here to give a chance to their favorite hobbies without any restraints. Q4- What are the types of Old Age Homes? Ans- There are mainly two types of Homes for Old Age people available in  India. One is a no charge one or â€Å"Free† type which is mainly for impoverished old persons who have nobody to look after them. They are served with food, clothing, shelter and medical care there. Another type of Old Age Home is based on payment which is known as â€Å"Paid† home. There all facilities are provided if paid for. Now these kinds of â€Å"Retirement† homes have become popular all around India and they are well in view of significance. Q5- What is the relevance of Old Age Homes? Ans- Many factors are accountable for the separation of old persons. Many young couples are relocating themselves for better employment from villages to cities in order to have a better future. Many elders are also reluctant to provide the duty of household, which they are controlling for an elongated time, to children. Youngsters are sometimes indignant in behavioral attitude to their parents. Youngsters have migrated to different places distant from their inhabitant places and also to numerous countries abroad. So they are unable to provide accommodation to their parents in their own houses even if they desire. Elders sometimes are too debilitated or ill to take care of themselves or get medicinal help in any urgent situation. For all these reasons the homes for elders increasingly seem more appropriate in Indian circumstances.

Medicinal Candy from Origanum Vulgare (Oregano)

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION Background of the Study Oregano is one of the species of a perennial herb called marjarum (origanum vulgare). It is also called pot marjarum and oregany. It grows in abundance and highly available in the locality. It is very common to many households because of its medicinal value. The juice derived or squeezed from the oregano leaves contain ascorbic acid (vitamin C). Authoritatively, ascorbic acid contains low acidic effect just commensurate to prevent, weaken or reduce the severity of a disease, common cold.Many people believed that common cold is caused by climate change. The sudden change of the weather and exposure to warm and cool conditions cause common cold and also the unsanitary condition of the environment and poor practice of personal hygiene as well. The principal cause of common cold is a group of virus called rhinoviruses. It is highly contagious the fact that it is an airborne disease. Once a person is infected with this virus, the disease will spread easily from person to person through close contact or association. It is probable that coughing and sneezing facilitate the spread.It is the virus that is transmitted to another person and in such unprecautionary measures people will get common cold. Cough or coughing as appearing in the title is not a disease. It is a physiological manner in which air is forcibly expelled from the lungs. It is a body’s mechanism for cleansing the respiratory tract of irritants, foreign bodies, or excessive accumulation of secretions, phlegm. The primitive way of using oregano leaves for common cold is to boil them and let the patient drink a teaspoon full of oregano juice to cure common cold.Young as he is, he refuses to take it because of its non-soothing taste and smell. Most likely the oregano medicinal juice will be wasted. Creatively, the oregano leaves extract should be made into a menthol candy under the supervision of a consultant Miss Leslie Joy Ariate, pharmacist of the Sou th Star Drug, Ligao City, who has the expertise and full knowledge in the measurement, ratio and proportion of medicine and can test its effectivity and can prescribe it as a cure for common cold. The candy should be mentholated, with flavor so that the patient should experience and feel the freshness and delicious taste.The oregano taste of this mentholated and flavored candy should stand prominently so that the patience shall be cured by the presence of ascorbic acid. Statement of the Problem There are two major problems which the researcher would like to come up with satisfactory answers. They are as follows: 1. Is ascorbic acid from oregano leaves effective against rhinoviruses causing cold and cough? 2. How much water, ascorbic acid and quantity of sugar and other ingredients are needed to process oregano as oregano menthol candy? Formulation of HypothesesThis research experiment proposal has two hypotheses. One is positively stated and the other is negatively stated. They are as follows: 1. Ascorbic acid from oregano as menthol candy is effective against rhinoviruses causing cold and cough. 2. Ascorbic acid from oregano as menthol candy is not effective against rhinoviruses causing cold and cough. Significance of the Study Oregano is useful for people with cold and cough. But how can a child take a cup of boiled oregano having its non-soothing taste and smell? This study aims to make an oregano menthol candy for the use of everyone.It will be tested if it can cure people with cold and cough. It can be of great help to anyone because of its delicious taste and at the same time can annihilate the virus that causes cold and cough. People are to be benefited of this study because it can locally be made and the oregano is abundant in the community. If the study is proven right, so why do we need to go to doctors? We just make this candy at our home and preserve it. The price of the ingredients is affordable. So people can eat the candy happily and at the same time curing their cold and cough.Scope and Limitations Oregano contains ascorbic acid that can fight rhinoviruses causing cold and cough. It will be processed as oregano menthol candy to improve the primitive way of using oregano as medicinal herb. It will be made to cure people with the said disease and not advisable to take it if the person is not sick yet with cold and cough. The researcher aims to make a menthol candy out of oregano and prove that this product is effective against rhinoviruses. The study is to be conducted this year 2011-2012.The process of making oregano menthol candy will be tested using the two populations: 5 white mice and 5 patients with cold and cough. They are to be observed daily by the researcher. Definition of Terms The writer of this research experiment proposal deemed it wise to give operational and contextual meanings to the words that follow in order to facilitate understanding of this experimental research that will be conducted. 1. Ascorbic Acid is the acid that is contained in the juice squeezed from the leaves of oregano plant. It prevents, weakens or reduced the severity of common cold. 2.Airborne is associated with a disease caused by virus because such virus causing the disease is transmitted from person to person by air through sneezing or coughing. 3. Climate change refers to the weather condition obtaining in the Philippines, wherein there is an abnormal change of weather from warm condition to cool condition which cause serious effects or sickness on health of the people. 4. Common cold is a disease of the upper respiratory tract, that is, nose, throat and larynx. 5. Contagious is associated with disease that is easily transmitted from person to person like cold, the principal cause of which is virus. . Cough or coughing is the physiological act in which air is forcibly expelled from the lungs. It is a body’s mechanism for cleansing the respiratory tract of irritants, foreign bodies or excessive accumulatio n of secretions. 7. Disease is a disturbance or abnormal structure on the health of living organism or physiological action in the living organism as a whole. 8. Menthol candy is a special candy which has a freezing or cooling taste serving as attractant but containing ascorbic acid so that the child with common cold shall freely eat it to heal the cold caused by rhinoviruses. 9.Oregano is one of the species of a perennial herb wherein the extracts from its leaves contain ascorbic acid that can cure common cold. 10. Rhinoviruses are the kinds of virus that cause common cold. CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE Oregano is also known as Wild Marjoram, Mountain Mint, Origanum, Wintersweet and Winter Marjoram. This erectly spreading plant has strong aromatic characteristics, with leaves and stems that are fleshy. The leaves of oregano are heart-shaped, with toothed edges, and which, grow for up to 9 meters in length. In other countries, the plant is primarily used as a culinary ingr edient.However, in countries like the Philippines, Oregano is a known herbal medicine for its strong anti-oxidant properties. Oregano contains a rosmarinic acid compound, thymol, and carvacrol that are responsible for its anti-inflammatory, anti-bacterial, anti-oxidant, anti-fungal and anti-viral properties. Oregano also contains flavinoids, triterpenoids, sterols, vitamin C, and vitamin A. Its anti-bacterial properties have been proven by recent studies to treat infections of the reproductive tracts, and which make it ideal to be given to women who have just given birth.The volatile oils in oregano and its properties are believed to be responsible for slowing the process of spoilage of food and thus minimizing the risk of ingesting harmful bacteria, parasites and fungi. The anti-oxidant properties of oregano helps fight free radicals in the body that cause cellular damage and accelerate ageing. Free radicals are believed to be involved with many degenerative diseases like osteoarth ritis, atherosclerosis and heart diseases, to name a few. The most useful parts of this plant are its leaves. The extracts and juices of such are used for asthma, dyspepsia, chronic coughs, bronchitis, and rheumatism.Ear aches have also been proven to be cured by the infusion prepared from its leaves. The leaves relieve painful swellings, boils, and sprains, when their poultices are applied directly to the affected area. 1 According to Tamid Ahmad, oregano is a natural herb found in Mediterranean hills and basically its leaves are utilized to take out the oil. The oil of oregano can be preserved for longer and hence it is preferred as oil. It is widely used for complex diseases to cure, and it has many simple and common uses for regular occurring diseases. It works marvelously in cold and cough.It is an antibiotic and hence is preferred for cold and cough. 2 According to Allah Camacho, one of the benefits of the extract of oregano is that it helps boost our bodies’ immune sys tem. A sound and healthy immune system is our best defense against harmful microorganisms that carry diseases and illnesses. A good immune system can be achieved with a healthy lifestyle, balanced diet, stress free and clean environment, proper rest and including two drops of wild oregano oil in your drink everyday. 3 According to Paul L. Garrett, there are some vitamins and minerals that can be used as natural cold remedies.These nutrients include vitamin C, vitamin E and zinc oxide. Vitamin C is good for a lot of things, but more than 1200 milligrams can sometimes result in diarrhea. Large amount of vitamin C at the beginning stages of an outbreak can provide relief and reduce the attack of the virus. Vitamins and minerals certainly strengthen the immune system, but becareful not to take more than the recommended daily dose. 4 According to Barbara Hillary, PhD, cold and cough medications should not be used for children under 6 years of age. This is because there is not enough evid ence to prove the effectiveness of these medications in young children.Moreover, single-ingredient or combination cold and cough medications do not relieve cold and cough symptoms in children under 6 years. 5 According to Susan Melgren, she was doubtful that oregano would have any effect when she first heard of its healing properties, but she took it anyway and was very pleased with the results. She used oregano to treat colds rather than as preventive measure. 6 _______________________ 1 Pinoyfarmer, â€Å"Medicinal Plants: Oregano (Origanum vulgare),† 2011, (accessed July 31, 2011) 2Tamim Ahmad,â€Å"Oregano Oil – An Unmatched Herbal Remedy for Number of Diseases,† n. . , (accessed July 13, 2011). 3Allah Camacho, â€Å"Boost Your Immune System With the Wild Oregano Oil,† n. d. ,(accessed July 13, 2011). 4Paul L Garrett, â€Å"Natural Remedy for Cold Sores – Strengthen Your Immune System to Fight Cold Sores,† n. d. , (accessed July 13, 2011 ). 5Barbara Hillary, PhD, â€Å"Cold and Cough Medicines Don't Work,† n. d. , (accessed July 13, 2011). 6 Susan Melgren, â€Å"Immune Boosters: Elderberry, Echinacea, Garlic and Oregano,† 2010, (accessed July 13, 2011). CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY Since this research is tough to undertake, arrangement has already been made with the consultant.In so far as the researcher is concerned the necessary materials needed in the processing of oregano menthol candy will be prepared. Method of Research This research will use the experimental method. It will experiment on the effectivity of ascorbic acid in curing cold and cough. Since ascorbic acid is an acid it will be tested on five white mice in different proportions. If the result shows that the five white mice maintain their normal life then the said proportion is beneficial. Method of Collecting Data The researcher will be using experimentation and observation as the method of collecting data under the supervision of the consul tant.The researcher will be the one to conduct the testing and be the one to observe. To be more authentic, cellular phone will be used as instrument to take pictures of the condition of the white rat and will be presented to the consultant as well as to the human patient. To be more specific, a sample of the data if a human patient will be used as the medium the following data shall be gathered from him. a. name, sex, age, weight and address of the patient b. body temperature, blood pressure c. extent of the cold and cough whether mild or severe d. intake of the oregano menthol candy d. number of candy per day d. 2 number of days of intake e. observation of the patient by the researcher for reporting to the consultant pharmacist. f. date the researcher will bring the patient to the consultant pharmacist and his condition for check up g. result of the findings of the consultant pharmacist. Sampling Design In the selection of five patients with cold and cough, the PURPOSIVE way of sa mpling will be followed. Two patients with slight cold and cough, one with moderate cold and cough and the remaining two patients with severe cold and cough. This is more illustrated in the following figures:Patients Number Nature of cold and cough Number of candy intake per day No. of days intake 1 Slight 1 5-7 2 Slight 1 5-7 3 Moderate 1 5-7 4 Severe 1 5-7 5 Severe 1 5-7 The result will be ranked as to what number of patient will get well for a given period of days treatment. This illustration shows the expediency the patient shall be given attention for treatment. Due to time constraints the research is being conducted, the PURPOSIVE sampling will be used because there is limited/ no more time to conduct a survey to get the number of the whole population of Binatagan with cold and cough.Similarly, the effect of the treatment the fact that the respondents are very few, the effect of the treatment shall be done by observing the patients of the effect of the treatment daily and thro ugh asking questions about his feeling and healing effect of the treatment. 1 1In an interview conducted with Dr. Marivic Diaz, EPSI, Values Education/Guidance and Research and Evaluation I, Division of Ligao City on August 5, 2011 at 2:30 in the afternoon by Mr. Antonio J. Rabe, retired Elem. Sch. Principal I. MaterialsThe researcher will use the following materials in the preparation of oregano menthol candy like oregano leaves, Bunsen burner, beaker, tripod, stirring rod, triple beam balance, Erlenmeyer flask, filter paper sugar, menthol, vanilla for flavoring, wrapper, measuring spoon, cheese cloth, porcelain mortar and pestle, evaporating dish, sterilized bottle with cover properly labeled and friend baking powder. For the materials concerned in testing the effectivity of the product, the researcher will need 5 white mice and the candy (in liquid) will be injected in the mice with their allotted proportions.If the researcher got the right proportion, it will be used for making the menthol candy using the laboratory apparatuses. 5 patients with cold and cough will now take the oregano menthol candy to know whether the product is effective for curing cold and cough. Procedures 1. For testing of the product: The researcher has made two tables showing the two types of populations that will be used for the method of experiment. In the mice population, it includes the proportions of ascorbic acid and distilled water that will be used by injecting the said proportion in each mouse. The proportion is shown as follows: White mice umber Proportion Ascorbic Acid to Distilled Ascorbic Acid Distilled water 1 70% 30% 2 75% 25% 3 80% 20% 4 85% 15% 5 90% 10% Whatever proportion will come out beneficial will be the proportion that will be used in making the oregano menthol candy. For the second population having five people with cold and cough, should the researcher know the nature of their cold and cough whether mild or severe by taking these patients in the consultant p harmacist. The researcher will ask them questions as shown in the method of collecting data. The table is shown as follows: Patients Number Nature of cold and cough Number of candy intake per day No. f days intake 1 Slight 1 5-7 2 Slight 1 5-7 3 Moderate 1 5-7 4 Severe 1 5-7 5 Severe 1 5-7 2. For making the product After knowing the right proportion of ascorbic acid to be used in making an oregano menthol candy, get and wash the correct grams of oregano leaves. Prepare the ingredients for the making of oregano menthol candy with Bunsen burner, beaker, tripod, stirring rod, triple beam balance, Erlenmeyer flask, filter paper, forceps, sugar, menthol, vanilla for flavoring, wrapper, measuring spoon, evaporating dish and sterilized bottle with cover properly labeled.The researcher will use the triple beam balance to measure the mass of the oregano leaves in grams. Use a porcelain mortar and pestle to pound the oregano leaves and use a clean cheese cloth to separate the juice from the p ulp. After getting the juice, the researcher will place the amount of distilled water in the Erlenmeyer flask followed by placing the juice inside the Erlenmeyer flask with a filter paper at the top of it.After these, the researcher will get the tripod and the Bunsen burner and place the flask at the top of the tripod and put the right quantity of ingredients for making the mentholated candy inside the flask. Should the researcher know the right temperature for mixing the ingredients to the solution as per advised by the consultant pharmacist. These will now be placed in an evaporating dish. Allow the candy to be cooled. Once cooled, it will now be placed in a wrapper by using forceps and seal the wrapper. Finally, place it inside the sterilized bottle with cover and properly labeled.

How to Write a Statistical Report (with 5 Real-Life Examples)

How to Write a Statistical Report (with 5 Reals) While Luxembourgian economy is relatively small with the total GDP estimating around $58 billion as of 2015, it is characterized by a very high level of incomes and living standards. Effective communication is a key to success at any modern work environment. The opening phrase of the article is an example of the Statistics class homework writing assignment. Would you like to learn how to write a statistical report? It is important to develop adequate statistical skills supported by the knowledge of the subject, reading, research, and solid writing skills. The post includes valuable tips on how to do a statistical analysis report of a winner. BUY A+ STATISTICAL REPORT HERE Statistics is a complex subject. Make your way through by purchasing cheap homework solutions online from the web’s top experienced academic writers! It is time to learn how to do a statistical analysis report. How to Write a Statistical Report: Prologue Do not hurry up to understand how to write a statistics report – learn what the term means. Everyone knows Statistics is a complex academic discipline, which involves a plenty of calculations and interpretations of large data sets. It is a scientific term. Read more about statistics in different aspects of life here. We will start explaining how to write a statistical report with the structure and organization of this type of academic/business assignment. The Process of Writing a Statistical Data Analysis Report Example A 200-word abstract is a perfect way to start many academic papers. This piece of writing contains a summary of the entire text, highlighted major points, target audience, and goals of the project. From this point, move smoothly to the introduction with the clear explanation of why the writer has chosen the specific topic. The body of such project is different from other academic assignments. The writer must list and describe the chosen research methods and findings based on the obtained data. Why can it be harder? It takes more time efforts than several body paragraphs with the corresponding number of arguments along with the supportive evidence. The last stage is the same in any type of academic writing: a conclusion. The examples of topics to let the students realize how to write a statistical report are given in the article: Norway is the most prosperous economies in Europe based on research A vaccine ABC to fight cancer effectively requires more time – data collected by one of the most influential American Healthcare Organizations The recent invention in the field of biotechnology is not effective Time-tested tools to fix problems with slow Windows – comparison of the outcomes with the analogical software running on Mac OS X The impact of depressions on the children aged 14-16 These papers require statistics and facts. There is no way to understand how to do a statistical analysis report without recognizing the importance of correct formatting. Do it in the next section! GET YOUR HOMEWORK FROM EXPERT How to Do a Statistical Analysis Report: The Role of Formatting How to do a statistical analysis report regarding formatting? In most cases, the students face the formatting approaches listed below: APA Chicago Harvard IEEE ASA ACS It all depends on the area of study. While Psychology teachers prefer assigning essays to be written in APA, Sociology tutors recommend using ASA. The students can read writing style manuals available online. If the student were not involved in statistical report writing before, he/she would benefit from having a look at the valuable online examples of different similar papers to use as the good templates. Without this information, the student won’t learn how to write a statistical report properly. Ask the teacher about the format in case he forgets to five one. In addition to online databases of papers, the students may attend school or college library, which contains at least one great example left from the previous educational years. Smart students share their works to support newer generations. Mind that you have no right to copy the information from the selected example: plagiarism results in F grade. The most recommended format is shown below. Make single-inch margins around the sides of the page; watch out when attaching components like charts, tables, and graphs to the project. Leave a 1.5-inch margin on the left-hand side. Do it in case you plan to put the project into a folder/binder. Unlike other homework writing assignments (essays, research papers), this type of task does not require a double-spaced format. Do not forget about the headers! They should specify the number of pages, brief version of the title, author’s name, and some other details reminding the person what he/she is reading. The last thing left to do to learn how to do a statistical analysis report is to analyze the most common mistakes Statistics students make. Example of Statistical Analysis Report Mistakes: Don’t Be Fooled! We have discussed how to write a statistical analysis report of A-level; never forget to check the finished papers to detect possible mistakes. Those could be small, insignificant typos, which will not influence the final grade; those could be serious failures (grammar, word choice, etc.) Read the finished paper to find the following issues: Incomplete or incorrect punctuation Grammar errors Spelling mistakes Incorrect font Wrong paragraph/line breaks Missing words/phrases Incorrect amounts in tables graphs Is there nothing to fix? The absence of technical mistakes does not mean the author cannot find a better way to express certain things. Leave your final draft away. Come back to the essay in a few days to read it with a fresh look and rested the eye; fix any parts you believe sound ridiculous or can be improved. Writing statistical reports is a time-consuming process, which requires in-depth knowledge of the studied subject, writing research skills, ability to assume and analyze things competitively. Where Can I Get Another Good Statistical Analysis Report Example? Congratulations – now you know how to do a statistical analysis report, it's goals, formatting, and the mistakes to avoid during the process. Need more information? To learn how to write a statistical report in more details, grab some good examples online. Students who are more interested in obtaining professional help instead of learning how to write a statistical report should remember about the opportunity to order a custom research paper from the professional essayists at our website!

Mixed strategies Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Mixed strategies - Term Paper Example I thought I knew college life. It was the place for serious studies. But it was frequented by students who were hell bent on creating problems. I had heard a few cases where girls had eloped with boys in college. I had also heard about university elections and the fights that took place during the elections, sometimes even leading to murder. It confused me. Did students really study in college Or did they go there only to pass time and fix dates with the opposite sex However, the picture cleared when I completed school and entered college. My first day in college was not very eventful. It was just like any school day. However, we were no longer kids. We were grown up. I stayed put with students who had passed out of the same school. But there were some anxious moments with the seniors targeting us as butts of their jokes. I was called by a few seniors and told to compliment a girl on her good looks. I did not do it. But one of my colleagues did! There were a few lectures that I attended. Some professors were absent due to which we missed some lectures. I had opted for the commerce stream. The class rooms were crammed with about 60 students. I was told there were about a 100 in some class rooms. But the number of students did not bother me. I could clearly hear what the professor was teaching from where I was seated. I realized that college life was not much different from what I had heard.

Parti5-comments2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Parti5-comments2 - Essay Example A good cause and effect essay should move beyond establishing what the two parts are, and should also make an argument for why the cause and effect are directly related. The purpose of a cause and effect essay is to make an argument, not just to describe a process. The writer should prove the relationship of the cause and effect, and therefore have a thesis in the essay. The writer can’t just tell the reader the focus of the essay, because having a focus or purpose that is solely to explain a cause and effect will leave the reader disinterested. Overall, asking questions about the cause and effect process is a good way to develop the essay, but answering those questions persuasively is even more important. The reader dos not just want to know the reason why the effect happened is because of the cause, but also if there are alternative causes or alternative effects that may disprove the usual idea of any cause and effect. The essay should not just analyze or inform, but should convey an argument and prove to the reader that the cause and effect are

What issues do HRD managers need to take into account when planning a Essay

What issues do HRD managers need to take into account when planning a management learning and development programme - Essay Example Thus the knowledge-based economy pertains to knowledge creation and its diffusion with the role of information management. All the actors of this new knowledge based economy, whether they are the individuals and companies or even the state have to be wary of losing out the in fiercely competitive global economy .This means that the education and training of the labour force has to be based upon maintenance and knowledge enhancement of the knowledge capital in order to be more innovative and adaptable to technological changes. The HRD plays an important role in the personal development of the labour force.In essence, personal development theory argues that if management implements a specified set of employment as well as work practices, it is going to lead to better performance. A lot of the practices such as teamwork, redesigned jobs, employee participation, teamwork as well as communication and information sharing - have been shown to improve performance, but not in a consistent manner. The strongest results have been obtained where models appear to approximate the real world of work and where measurement and sampling errors are reduced by using special-purpose surveys targeted at workplaces in specific. A common thread running through these studies is that personal development contributes to high performance where workers are expected and encouraged to perform at a high standard. This occurs where HRD and work organization practices provide workers with discretion or control over their work, where they are developed to work competently, and where they are supported and rewarded by management to work co-operatively with colleagues. This theory suggests three mechanisms - structural, motivational and cognitive - that lead to high performance. Structural alterations, for example, the creation of teams or introduction of a new reward system, may provide an initial rather than continuing improvement in performance. For continuous improvement, employees need to increase and sustain their motivation at a high level - a possibility that arises through perceptions and emotions related to greater work satisfaction and empowerment - and/or cognitive changes need to be introduced. These might include improved management communication and investment in formal training and/or on-the-job learning (Appelbaum et al. 737-775). The last 2 decades have seen a significant shift in human resource development (HRD) research from an essentially micro-analytical approach to a new macro-strategic perspective. Other from the conventional administrative role, HRD has identified new roles in terms of employee champion, change agent and strategic partner. Over the years, there has been much speculation about the role of the HRD in the organization going ahead. Authors and business gurus have made various predictions regarding the role, function as well as size of the HRD department. HRD responsibilities have typically come under fire as a result of its perceived unresponsiveness as well as administrative and not strategic focus along with the perception that they are cost centres and not star wealth creation centres they bring in the revenue. The impact on Training of the knowledge based economy thus requires the need for instilling the culture of effective Knowledge management into the learning and education as a whole. According to (Psarras 2006) "Knowledge management is the process of critically managing knowledge to meet existing needs, to identify and exploit existing and acquired knowledge assets and to

Research project Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Research project - Essay Example These three areas if viewed from the map represent an equilateral triangle with close proximity to each other as well as their convergence near the central region instil an interesting dimension to the research which would be further reflecting the effectiveness of the governmental policies in these adjoining areas (Beer, 2003). The research will direct its focus on the intermediate people of the region and will be exploring the living standards of these people. Education as an important parameter in influencing occupation For the purpose of comparison among the occupational pattern of the three areas, education can be regarded as an important parameter. Occupation generally reflects quality of life, social status, scope of future development and impact on the family life (Salary and wages in Australia, 2011, p. 1). Occupation reflects the income aspects in the life of the people and education acts as a very important variable linking occupation as well as income (Pearson, 2011). Now the focus will be on the employment structure of each of the post codes in study with respect to Australia as a whole. Let us first consider the case of Sury Hills. Employment patterns in Sury Hills The calculations derived from prior the week of census 2006, a total of 3,514 people aged 15 years and over constituted the total labour force in comparison with 9,607,987 in Australia as a whole. 66.9% were employed on a full time basis in comparison with 60.7% in Australia as a whole. 22.5% were employed on a part time basis in comparison with 27.9% in Australia as a whole. 3.4% were employed but were away from work with comparison of 3.5% in Australia as a whole. 2.3% of the people showed employment but without stated hours of work in comparison with 2.6% in Australia as a whole. In the unemployed category 4.8% were found to be unemployed in comparison with 5.2% in Australia as a whole (2006 Census QuickStats, Sury Hills 2012). Fig.1. (2006 Census QuickStats, Sury Hills 2012) Employm ent in different sections/departments The professional accounted for around 35.6% of the employed persons over the age 15 years in comparison with 19.8 in Australia as a whole. The percentage of

Nfc Awards In Pakistan Economics Essay

Nfc Awards In Pakistan Economics Essay Pakistan is a federation consisting of four provinces, federally administered tribal areas, northern areas and Islamabad Capital Territory. Pakistan is a federation but its government is highly centralized, so majority of the revenues are collected at the center and then re-distributed vertically between federal and provincial governments, and horizontally among provinces through National finance Commission (NFC) awards. Then the provinces further re-distribute the resources to local governments through a revenue-sharing formula framed by Provincial Finance Commission (PFC). The criteria of revenue sharing has always been a bone of contention between the federation and the provinces. This is mainly because the federal government keeps a larger part of the revenues to themselves while provinces are left with fewer resources to carry on their development activities, thats why they face budget deficits very frequently. Moreover, there is a little autonomy and capacity for provinces to c ollect taxes on their own, so mainly they have to rely on the revenues relocated to them by the Federal government through NFC awards. The share provinces get from the Federal government is not sufficient to carry on the development projects, which is the reason they get into budget deficits very frequently. For proper service and delivery there is need of a higher share for provinces in NFC awards. Systematic Resources transfers among governments occurs at 4 levels. Firstly, from federal governments to provincial governments through National Finance Commission (NFC). Secondly, from provincial governments to local governments through Provincial Finance Commission (PFC). Thirdly, from federal to local, and lastly from local to local. In this report, I will focus mainly on systematic resource transfers from Federal to Provincial governments through National Finance Commission awards. National Finance Commission is constituted under Article 160(1) of the 1973 constitution for the smooth and thoughtful revenue transfers between Federal and Provincial governments. Constitutionally, it is to be held every 5 years by the President of Pakistan to review the resource sharing mechanism for the equitable fiscal transfers between Central and Provincial governments. Certain taxes collected from provinces are added in the distribution pool and then re-distributed to provinces according to the revenue sharing formula. NFC decides what percentage of the total revenues will be retained by the Federal government and what share will go to the provinces. What taxes to include in the distribution pool has always been a question of debate. The chairman of the commission is the Federal Finance Minister, and its members include all provincial finance ministers and experts to be nominated by the president of Pakistan in consultation with the provincial governors. The main charter of NFC is concerned with the following matters. Distribution of specified taxes and duties between the federation and the provinces. Payment of financial grants to provincial governments. Borrowing power exercised by the Federal and Provincial governments. Any other financial matter referred to the commission. As per law, NFC was supposed to be constituted for smooth and equitable revenue transfers between the Federal government and provinces. But in reality, it faced difficulties which hindered its development. Only 7 NFC awards have been given up till now, of which 3 were conclusive. The rest 4 remained inconclusive because federal government and provinces couldnt reach an agreement on the distribution criteria of revenues, therefore an interim award was awarded by the President in this situation. This paper will evaluate all the NFC awards in the history of Pakistan. Its related issues will be highlighted and improvements in the resource transfer mechanism will be recommended. 2. THE EVOLUTION OF NFC AWARDS 2.1 PRE-INDEPENDENCE REVENUE SHARING (NIEMEYER AWARD) Before independence of Pakistan, Niemeyer Award was followed in British India for the distribution of revenues between the Federal government and provinces, under the Government of India Act, 1935. All the financial matters between Federal and provincial governments were ruled by this act. Under this award, sales tax was a provincial subject, and 50 percent of the income tax collections were subjected to be redistribute. Even after the independence, Niemeyer award was followed till March 1952 with some adjustment in railway budget, sharing of income and sales tax. 2.2 POST-INDEPENDENCE REVENUE SHARING (RAISMAN AWARD) After the independence of Pakistan, Sir Jeremy Raisman was asked to devise a revenue sharing mechanism for allocation of revenues between federal and provincial governments. Thus he formed a revenue sharing formula called Raisman award in 1952. Considering the poor financial condition of the newly born state, a 50 percent share of sales tax was given to the federal government. Out of incomes of 50 percent income tax, 45 percent was given to East Pakistan, while the rest of the portion was given to the West Pakistan. 2.3 REVENUE SHARING UNDER ONE UNIT During 1955, Sindh, Punjab, Baluchistan and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa were professed as one unit- The West Pakistan. East Pakistan and West Pakistan were declared as the two separate units. The two awards, of 1961 and 1964, distributed the revenue between East Pakistan and West Pakistan. 2.3.1 The 1961 Award In this award, the share of East Pakistan from divisible pool was decided to be 64 percent, while that of West Pakistan was 46 percent. 30 percent of the sales tax was relocated to provinces on the basis of their respective collection. While the remaining duties on agricultural land and capital value tax on immovable property were given to the units as per their collection. 2.3.2 The 1964 Award Under this award, the divisible pool consisted of sales tax, income tax, export duty and excise duty. 30 percent of the sales tax were relocated to each province according to its collection. The share of center and provinces from the divisible pool was decided to be 35 percent and 65 percent respectively. While the share of East Pakistan and West Pakistan remained the same as in previous award i.e. 64 percent and 46 percent respectively. 2.3.3 National Finance Committee 1970 A committee was formed instead of a commission in April 1970 to devise a formula for revenue sharing between federation and the federating units. The divisible pool remained unchanged, though the federal and provincial governments share in the divisible pool was declared as 20:80 respectively. 54 percent of the provincial share was given to East Pakistan, while the rest 46 percent went to West Pakistan. The distribution among the provinces of West Pakistan was: Punjab 56.5 percent, Sindh 23.5 percent, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa 15.5 percent, and Baluchistan 4.5 percent. After the separation of East Pakistan, their revenue share was transferred to the provinces of West Pakistan. The revenue proportion remained the same, but the size of the pie was changed. NATIONAL FINANCE COMMISSION 1973 The 1973 constitution made mandatory for the government of Pakistan to make a National Finance Commission every 5 years for fair revenue distribution between Federal government and the provinces. From that point of time, West Pakistan started its journey after the separation of East Pakistan. From 1974 onwards, all the awards have been given under the National finance Commission. In reality, NFC has not been constituted every 5 years, contrary to what the law demanded. Lets briefly go through the various NFC awards in the history. First NFC Award 1974 After an increase in the number and amount of taxes between 1951 and 1970, there was a contraction in both in 1974, reducing the size of the divisible pool. The divisible pool only included income tax, sales tax, and export duty. The distribution ratio between federal government and provinces remained the same as 20:80 respectively. The criteria for horizontal distribution among provinces was decided to be population. Punjab, being the biggest in population, was advantaged. Its share was increased from 56.50 percent to 60.25 percent. While the other three provinces suffered, Sindh suffering the most. The resource distribution among provinces is presented in the table below. Table 1 1974 NFC Award-Provincial share Punjab Sindh Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Baluchistan 60.25% 22.50% 13.39% 3.86% To combat the weak fiscal position of the provinces, Baluchistan and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa were granted aid of Rs.50 million and Rs.100 million respectively. Second NFC Award 1979 The second NFC was constituted by the President general Zia-ul-Haq in 1979. But it held no meetings, consequently no award was given. Therefore, the award of 1974 was followed as an interim award. After census was held in 1981, the population ratios changed and so did the provincial share in NFC awards. The provincial share was adjusted according to the new census, which led some improved conditions in Baluchistan and Sindh, whereas the share of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa remained unchanged. The new provincial resource distribution according to the changed population is illustrated in the given table. Table 2 1979 NFC Award- Provincial Share Punjab Sindh Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Baluchistan 57.97% 23.34% 13.39% 5.30% Third NFC Award 1985 The third NFC was also constituted in Zia-ul-Haq regime in 1985. It held nine meetings in 3 years but failed to produce any fruitful results, mainly due to political instability. So the award of 1974 was followed till 1990. Fourth NFC Award 1991 After a long time, NFC became successful in giving recommendation in 1991. NFC is supposed to announce an award every 5 years, but there was a gap of 17 years between the previous award of 1974 and the 1991 award. This award came with some improvements and expansion in the divisible pool. Central excise on tea, tobacco, and betel nut was added in the divisible pool. So the divisible pool consisted of income tax, sales tax, export duty, and excise duty. However, custom duty still remained with Federal government. Federal government also took the responsibility of financing the provinces in case of deficits. The Federal and provincial share remained to be at 20 percent and 80 percent respectively. It can be said that the 1991 award was so far the best deal for provinces. But this award could not make any development regarding the diversification in the revenue sharing mechanism. The sole criteria for revenue sharing among provinces remained to be population. Disagreements among provinc es hindered the development in the resource sharing criteria. However, if we look at the positive side, this award considerably expanded the volume of provincial share in the revenues collected by the Federal government by around 18 percent as compared to 1974 award. This was mainly due to the addition of excise duty on certain items in the divisible pool. The 1991 award was a step forward to fiscal decentralization and provincial autonomy in the country. The 1973 constitution acknowledged the right of provinces to get royalty on natural resources on the basis of collection by each province. Royalty on gas and crude oil, development surcharge on gas, and profits from hydro-electricity were relocated to provinces in the form of straight transfers. As a result, the transfers to provinces increased from 28 percent (Rs. 39 billions) to 45 percent (Rs. 64 billion) of federal tax revenue. The share of each province under this award is given in the table below. Table 3 1991 NFC Award-Provincial Share Punjab Sindh Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Baluchistan 57.88% 23.28% 13.54% 5.30% Provincial share didnt have any changes because population was still the sole criteria for revenue distribution and no census was held since 1981. However, the volume of provincial share increased due to the inclusion of new taxes in the divisible pool. In addition to this, special grants were also provided to provinces to meet their developmental needs. The amount of these grants is illustrated in table 4. Table 4 1991 NFC Award-Provincial Grants Amount/Years Punjab Sindh Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Baluchistan Amount 1000 700 200 100 Next Years 3 5 3 3 (Rs.in million) However there was an increase in the flow of funds to the Provincial governments, provinces were advised to generate their own funds, but the autonomy and funds generating capacity were not sufficient as needed. Fifth NFC Award 1996 The 5th NFC award was announced in late 1996 by the care-taker government of that time. This award included all the federal taxes in the divisible pool. Which comprise: income tax, sales tax, capital value tax, wealth tax, excise duties (except the excise duty on gas charged at wellhead) and any other tax collected by federal government. Royalty on crude oil and development surcharge on gas were also relocated to provinces in the form of straight transfers. The incentive of matching grants was also given to the provinces but up to a certain limit; only if provinces exceeded their revenue target of 14.2 percent they would get matching grants. However, numerous objections have been made by the members of parliament elected to the provincial and federal governments following the 1997 general elections. With the expansion of federal divisible pool, the federal-provincial ratio in this award changed radically. Earlier it was 20 percent for federal government and 80 percent for provinces. In this award, the ratios were changed to 62.5 percent for federal government and 37.5 percent for provinces. One reason for decreasing the provincial share in the divisible pool is the overestimation of GDP growth rate. During the period when this award was being exercised, the country faced internal and external upsets which negatively affected the economy. Some say that provinces would be in a better financial situation if previous award of 1991 award was continued to follow that time. The sole criteria for resource distribution continued to be population. No development was made in this area. Considering the miserable situation of Baluchistan and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, special grants of 4 and 3.3 and billions rupees were awarded to them respectively for the next 5 years. Sixth NFC Award 2000 The 6th NFC was constituted in year 2000 by the President General Pervez Musharraf. It held 11 meetings but could reach to any conclusions due to disagreements among the members of NFC. Provinces were demanding a share up to 50 percent, as well as diversification in the resource distribution criteria. Another NFC was constituted on 21st July, 2005 during President Musharrafs regime. But it too, like the previous NFC, stuck in a deadlock among its members and failed to give any recommendations due to the conflicting demands of its members. After an unsuccessful attempt to generate consensus on the resource distribution mechanism, all the provincial Chief Ministers asked the President to give a fair and justified award which would be acceptable to all stakeholders. So General Musharraf amended the Distribution of Revenues and Grants-in-Aid Order, 1997 by issuing Ordinance No. 1 of 2006. Thus after a deferral of 6 years, the 1997 award was amended and came into force on 1st July, 2006. Under this award, due to the constant demand from provinces, the provincial share from the divisible pool increase to 45 percent (share in total divisible pool + grants), with gradual increase of 1 percent every year up till the next 5 years. All the taxes of 1996 award were included in the divisible pool. The grants to provinces were increased from Rs.8.7 billion to Rs.27.75 billion. Punjab and Sindh, which didnt receive any grant in the 1997 award, were also given grants of Rs.3.05 billion and Rs.5.83 billion respectively. Seventh NFC Award 2010 The most recent NFC award of 2010 was given in the present democratic government. 2010 NFC award is a milestone in the history of Pakistan, which has bring improvements and variation in the resource distribution criteria. The demands of Sindh, Baluchistan and KPK have been recognized. The most prominent and distinguishing feature of this award is that it has followed a multi-dimensional revenue distribution criteria. In addition to population, other parameters have also been included, such as poverty, underdevelopment, and inverse population density criteria, as demanded by Sindh, KPK and Baluchistan. Baluchistan being the largest in area and scattered in population, demanded the criteria of inverse population density to include in the revenue sharing formula. While Punjab wanted population to remain the only criteria because it is in the provinces advantage. Since 1973 constitution, it is for the first time that resources are not distributed among provinces according to the old popu lation standards, but an advancement has been made in the resource sharing criteria. The formulation of multiple criteria for resource distribution is a commendable step and a way further to fiscal autonomy of provinces. It has been measured as a success of democratic system and provincial partners. Economists have measured it groundwork for Fiscal Federalism in Pakistan. No disputes came in the way of approval of 7th NFC award. It is marked by sacrifices and compromises by all the stakeholders for the sake of national unity and development. The big provinces exhibited flexibility in their approach to accommodate the demands of smaller and backward provinces. The center has sacrificed more than 10 percent of its share for provinces i.e. about Rs.225 billion more were granted to provinces during FY 2011-12 budget [Pakistan Economic Survey (2011)]. All the stakeholders have decided to cut the cost of revenue collection to 1 percent (previously it was 5 percent) to increase the flow of real transfers to provinces. Resultantly, the provincial share from the divisible poo l increased from 47.5 percent to 56 percent in the first year and 57.5 percent for all the remaining years of the award. This award is also significant in a way that all the provinces and center have shown a considerate behavior towards the most backward province Baluchistan. Acknowledging its special development needs, all the stakeholders have agreed to provided Baluchistan Rs.83 billion (9.09 percent) of the provincial pool in the first year of the Award. Punjab has given up 1.27 percent, Sindh 0.39 percent, and KPK 0.26 percent of its share. Whereas Baluchistan has gained 1.82 percent. The federal government has given up more than 10 percent of its share for provinces, which has increased the flow of revenues to provinces. The number one beneficiary of this award is Baluchistan with an additional budget of 175 percent. While KPK, the second most benefitted, received 79 percent, Sindh 61 percent, and Punjab 48 percent additional budget. The resource distribution among provinces is illustrated in table 5. Table 5 NFC Award 2010- Resource Distribution Province % Share in Divisible Pool under 7th NFC % Change in Share Additional Budget % Punjab 51.74 1.27 48 Sindh 24.55 0.39 61 KPK 14.62 0.26 79 Baluchistan 9.09 +1.82 175 Source: Pakistan Economic Review (2010) If we talk about the distribution parameters, 82 percent weightage has been allocated to population, 10.3 percent to poverty, 5 percent to revenue generation/collection, and 2.7 percent to inverse population density. Table 6 illustrates the different parameters and its weightage against each province. Table 6 NFC Award 2010-Revenue Sharing Formula (in percentage) Parameters Weight Punjab Sindh KPK Baluchistan Population 82 57.36 23.71 5.11 13.82 Poverty/backwardness 10.30 23.16 23.41 25.61 27.82 Revenue Collection 5 44.0 50 1.0 5 Inverse Population 2.7 4.34 7.21 81.92 6.54 One of the greatest achievements regarding this award is that it has aimed to reduce disparities among the provinces. This award benefits the two relatively more backward provinces, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and Baluchistan, as compared to Sindh and Punjab. Before this award, provinces were getting Rs.550 billion. But in the first year of enforcement of this award provinces got more than Rs.850 billion, and in the next 5 years this amount will increase up to 1250 billion. The greatest achievement of this award is the reduction in inequalities regarding revenue collection in Sindh and Punjab, gas development surcharge from Baluchistan, and hydel profits from KPK. Considering the role of Khyber Pakhtun Khwa in war against terrorism, it has been provided a share of 1 percent from the divisible pool. 4. DEVELOPMENT OF NFC AWARDS OVER TIME Financial resources play the fundamental role in the development of any country. A well thought-out resource distribution is necessary for the development of backward areas so they can be at par with the national growth and progress. The current state of revenue distribution in Pakistan has evolved over time. Various improvements and advancements have been made in the revenue sharing formula since the formation of National Finance Commission. In this section I will analyze the impact of various NFC awards on the fiscal decentralization of the country. In Pakistan fiscal federalism has always been an issue which has never received a serious approach. Out of Seven NFC awards, only four have come up with additional parameters of revenue sharing between the federation and its units. Federal government has taken a less systematic approach to decentralize fiscal powers and functions and made the provinces depend on the center. This has negatively affected the performance and efficiency of provinces to work effectively. In a federation, the basic functions of Central government are maintaining law and order, defense matters, making a sound foreign policy, communications, currency management, general administration, debt servicing, industrial development, and work on public welfare including health and education. The rest of the matters fall within the sphere of Provincial and local governments. But not much effort has been put by our politicians to devolve powers and functions to lower tiers of government. With the passage of time, federal government has over-stretched itself into such matters which are of purely provincial nature, like irrigation, construction of roads, agricultural development, culture and tourism, youth affairs, and rural development. This has increased financial and administrative burden on the center. Federal government has taken too much responsibilities on its shoulders which certainly require more finance. If government is aiming toward devolution of power from center to provincial and local level, these tiers of government must be empowered and enabled to generate their own finance. Federal government generates 93 percent of the resources, while its share in the total expenditure makes up only 72 percent. On the other side, the total expenditure of provinces is 28 percent, and they generate merely 7 percent of the resources. It results in heavy dependency on the center. The argument behind the higher collection by the federation is based on the achievement of equity, efficiency, economy, and the federal governments ability to levy and collect [Kardar (2006)]. As most of the resources are already used up by the Federal government, provinces are left with less opportunities to generate their own resources. Resultantly, provinces have to rely heavily on the resources transferred to them by the center. If we closely look at the historical trend, we can easily understand that the journey of fiscal federalism In Pakistan has always been uneven. Fiscal federalism has always been a dilemma. It is interesting to note that out of seven NFC awards given after 1973 constitution, only few came up with additional parameters to share the revenues with the provinces. Only 3 out of 7 NFC awards were conclusive, the remaining 4 were inconclusive due to disagreements among the members of the commission. Historically, the problem of revenue distribution has never been taken seriously by our politicians and it always faced difficulty because consensus of all the parties involved is must for a new NFC award to be enforced. The resource distribution mechanism/criteria has always been a bone of contention among the provinces. Population, being the sole distribution criteria in all NFC awards (except the recent one) has always been a matter of friction among provinces. This shows a lack of coordination in our policy making. Sindh, Baluchistan and KPK have always demanded the diversification in revenue sharing formula with the inclusion of other factors with population, like poverty, backwardness and revenue generation capacity. Whereas Punjab has stressed over population to remain the sole criteria for revenue distribution because Punjab, being the most populated province, has always got the larger piece of pie in NFC awards. It is interesting to note that Pakistan is the only country in the world which follows one-dimensional formula for revenue distribution. Otherwise everywhere in the world various dimensions are used in view of the needs and economic conditions of the provinces. Due to inflexibility in the resource distribution formula, disparities among the economic conditions of people could not be reduced and diversified needs of provinces could not be catered as it should have been. In the above section, we have discussed each NFC award in detail, its pros and cons, and the percent allocation to provinces under each award. There are substantial disparities in the living standards amongst provinces, and also among the rural-urban areas of each province. Although the removal of discrepancies between urban and rural areas is the responsibility of Provincial Finance Commission, but without provision of adequate amount of resources/funds by the center, provinces will not be able to work on development and reducing inequalities at local level. If we compare the real per capita GDP of all the provinces, we find out that Khyber Pakhtunkhwa has been facing highest inconsistency among rural and urban income, next to Sindh and Punjab. While the gap between rural and urban income in Baluchistan is lesser, the reason is lack of development in its urban areas. Its urban areas are less developed as compared to that of other provinces, because of lesser economic opportunities i n cities. If we look at the historical trends, the first NFC award of 1947 had fewer taxes in the revenue pool. But in 1991 award, some improvements were seen in the revenue distribution. More taxes were made part of distribution pool. In addition, the right of provinces to get royalty on natural resources was given to them on the basis of collection by each province. The divisible pool was further expanded in 1996 award by the inclusion of all the federal taxes. 1996 award moved a step forward towards fiscal decentralization. It also introduced the incentive of matching grants to provinces. But if we look at the grey areas of this award, the expansion of distribution pool resulted in the contraction of provincial share. The federal-provincial share in the pool changed drastically from 20:80 to 62.5:37.5 percent respectively. So practically, no significant developments were observed in actual revenue transfers to provinces. Consequently, provinces fell short of funds and trapped in budget defi cits. Considering the miserable situation of Baluchistan and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, special grants of 4 and 3.3 and billions rupees were awarded to them respectively for the next 5 years. Due to the constant pressure and demands from the provinces, government increased their share in the revenue pool to 45 percent in 2006 interim award. Just the provincial share was increased, no innovation was made in the resource sharing mechanism and it was still at its old population standards. Baluchistan and Khyber Pakhtun Khwa were demanding revenue distribution on the basis of poverty. The poverty ratio in Baluchistan is 37 percent and that of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa is 44 percent. However, no diversification was made in the distribution criteria. One of the main reason which hindered the development of NFC awards is the conflicting demands of provinces over the resource sharing mechanism. The criteria of revenue dispersal between the center and provinces has always been a matter of conflict between these two tiers of government. Four out of seven NFC awards remained unproductive and unsettled amid this hostility. The complaints of the provinces were heard when the central government agreed to give provinces 40 percent share in the divisible pool with addition of 1 percent every year till the next 5 years. But there is an argument from Federal governments point of view that whenever the share of provinces has increased it gave rise to non-development expenditure which is unproductive. The reason is provincial governments don not have specific development programs in place as well as capacity to raise the living standards of people. The poverty ratio in Baluchistan is 37 percent and that of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa is 44 percent, but provincial governments failed to formulate an appropriate strategy to reduce these disparities. This relates to the issue of political economy and public choice. Our electoral system can bring about such a state in which the federal government can be taken over by the larger province due to its majority seats in the National Assembly. Although, in Senate all provinces have equal representation but Senate has power only to discuss on the policy matters, but the decision making right resides with the National Assembly. So it is the National Assembly who has the constitutional supremacy to devise a reasonable resource sharing formula. Furthermore, the federal government does not want to give up its powers to provinces and let them grow autonomously as it will reduce their control on policy matters. This could be seen as since independence, 10 awards have been recommended for justified resource sharing between the center and provinces, but out of them only 3 (1974, 1991, and 2010) initiated by elected governments. The most significant development of the year 2010 was 7th NFC award which brought about some innovation in the revenue sharing criteria. After the independence of Pakistan, It was for the first time that a diversification was brought in the revenue sharing mechanism and some other factors were taken into account with population, like backwardness/ poverty, area and revenue collection. The long-ignored demands of provinces were accepted. With